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Causation (law), Causation
Causation may refer to: Philosophy * Causality, a relationship that describes and analyses cause and effect Physics * Causality (physics) Law * Causation (law), a key component to establish liability in both criminal and civil law * Proximate cause, the basis of liability in negligence in the United States * Causation, in English law, defines the requirement for liability in negligence Language * " Correlation does imply and equal causation", phrase used in the sciences and statistics Sociology * Causation (sociology), the belief that events or actions can directly produce change in another variable in a predictable and observable manner Other uses * Proximate causation, the direct reason behind an event occurring See also * Causality (other) * Cause (other) Cause may refer to: Relationships between events * Causalities * Cause and effect, a relationship between one event and another Law * Cause, a lawsuit * Just cause (employment law) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causality
Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is influence by which one event, process, state, or object (''a'' ''cause'') contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an ''effect'') where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process has many causes, which are also said to be ''causal factors'' for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future. Some writers have held that causality is metaphysically prior to notions of time and space. Causality is an abstraction that indicates how the world progresses. As such a basic concept, it is more apt as an explanation of other concepts of progression than as something to be explained by others more basic. The concept is like those of agency and efficacy. For this reason, a leap of intuition may be needed to grasp it. Accordin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causality (physics)
Causality is the relationship between causes and effects. While causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy and physics, it is operationalized so that causes of an event must be in the past light cone of the event and ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions. Similarly, a cause cannot have an effect outside its future light cone. As a physical concept In classical physics, an effect cannot occur ''before'' its cause which is why solutions such as the advanced time solutions of the Liénard–Wiechert potential are discarded as physically meaningless. In both Einstein's theory of special and general relativity, causality means that an effect cannot occur from a cause that is not in the back (past) light cone of that event. Similarly, a cause cannot have an effect outside its front (future) light cone. These restrictions are consistent with the constraint that mass and energy that act as causal influences cannot travel faster than the speed of li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causation (law)
Causation is the "causal relationship between the defendant's conduct and end result". In other words, causation provides a means of connecting conduct with a resulting effect, typically an injury. In criminal law, it is defined as the '' actus reus'' (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with '' mens rea'' (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt. Causation only applies where a result has been achieved and therefore is immaterial with regard to inchoate offenses. Background concepts Legal systems more or less try to uphold the notions of fairness and justice. If a state is going to penalize a person or require that person pay compensation to another for losses incurred, liability is imposed according to the idea that those who injure others should take responsibility for their actions. Although some parts of any legal system will have qualities of strict liability, in which the '' mens rea'' is immaterial to the result and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proximate Causation
A proximate cause is an event which is ''closest'' to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or ''distal cause'') which is usually thought of as the "real" reason something occurred. * ''Example:'' Why did the ship sink? ** Proximate cause: Because it was holed beneath the waterline, water entered the hull and the ship became denser than the water which supported it, so it could not stay afloat. ** Ultimate cause: Because the ship hit a rock which tore open the hole in the ship's hull. In most situations, an ultimate cause may itself be a proximate cause in comparison to a further ultimate cause. Hence we can continue the above example as follows: * ''Example:'' Why did the ship hit the rock? ** Proximate cause: Because the ship failed to change course to avoid it. ** Ultimate cause: Because the ship was under autopilot and the autopilot's data was inaccurate. ** (even stronger): Because the ship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causation In English Law
Causation in English law concerns the legal tests of remoteness, causation and foreseeability in the tort of negligence. It is also relevant for English criminal law and English contract law. In the English law of negligence, causation proves a direct link between the defendant’s negligence and the claimant’s loss and damage. For these purposes, liability in negligence is established when there is a breach of the duty of care owed by the defendant to the claimant that causes loss and damage, and it is reasonable that the defendant should compensate the claimant for that loss and damage. Public policy Policy at this level is less than ''ordre public'', but nevertheless significant. The policy is to give bound to the scope of people who can claim damages, how much they can claim, and within what timeframe. The claimant must prove that the breach of the duty of care caused actionable damage. The test for these purposes is a balance between proximity and remoteness: *that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Correlation Does Imply And Equal Causation
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are ''linearly'' related. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the height of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the price of a good and the quantity the consumers are willing to purchase, as it is depicted in the so-called demand curve. Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in practice. For example, an electrical utility may produce less power on a mild day based on the correlation between electricity demand and weather. In this example, there is a causal relationship, because extreme weather causes people to use more electricity for heating or cooling. Howev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
